Apoptotic Effect of Combinations of T-2, HT-2, and Diacetoxyscirpenol on Human Jurkat T Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trichothecene type A mycotoxins, such as T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), are known to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in different cell types. As all three Fusarium toxins may occur concomitantly in a given food or feed commodity, there is growing interest in the effect of such mycotoxin mixtures. This study aimed to identify the toxic interactions among T-2, HT-2, and DAS in a human Jurkat cell model. As a first step, an MTT assay was used to assess cytotoxicity after 24 h of cell exposure to individual mycotoxins and their mixtures. The results were used to calculate the combination index (CI), which indicates the nature of the mycotoxin interactions. In Jurkat T cells, the toxicity ranking for the individual mycotoxins was T-2 > HT-2 > DAS. The CI values of the dual and triple mycotoxin combinations calculated from the results of the MTT and reactive oxygen species assays showed synergistic effects at low concentrations and an apparent antagonism at very high concentrations for all combinations. The additional cytometric analyses confirmed the synergistic effects, as expected, following co-exposure to the three tested trichothecenes. As the lower toxin concentrations investigated reflect natural contamination levels in food and feeds, the synergistic effects identified should be considered in risk characterization for trichothecene exposure in humans and animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".