Hydrogen energy system and underground hydrogen storage in depleted reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In a situation where the increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere has unfavorably led to global warming, the production of energy from renewable and clean sources, instead of fossil fuels, has become very attractive worldwide. To replace traditional energy sources, hydrogen (H 2 ), as the most abundant element in the environment, has emerged as a recently developed energy carrier with a high calorific value. Due to its diverse applications, such as internal combustion engines and electric turbines, hydrogen is poised to become a cornerstone of global financial management in the current century. By examining and understanding hydrogen energy, realize that transitioning to a hydrogen-based economy will require an efficient, safe, and high-capacity storage system. This is why the most attractive hydrogen storage system globally is the underground storage system (USS), especially within depleted oil and gas reservoirs. Due to the unique features of hydrogen, such as high reactivity, slow kinetics, and the challenge of hydrogen adsorption/desorption temperatures, hydrogen storage faces numerous challenges. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive review of the individual features of H 2 , hydrogen storage systems, and other influencing factors has been conducted. By accurately identifying existing mechanisms, capacities, and barriers, this study aims to inspire further research and contribute to the progress of the hydrogen economy. Additionally, this study presents, for the first time, a thorough review of H 2 sources and hydrogen storage mechanisms, providing a comprehensive overview of all critical stages of this industry.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".