Impact of Anthropogenic Pressures on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Quality of Surface Water from Amadi Creek, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria: Implication to Water Quality and Ecological Health
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The physico-chemical characteristics of surface water is a determinant factor for the overall health and functionality of aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the physico-chemical characteristics and water quality index of surface water from Amadi Creek, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Monthly samples were collected from three stations (1. Marine base jetty, 2. Niger Delta Development Commission, NDDC water front and 3. Eastern bye-pass bridge) between June and August, 2023 using standard methods. Water quality was analysed using the Single factor index (SFI), Nemerow pollution index (NPI), water pollution index (WPI) and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI). The results showed no significant monthly variation in most parameters measured except turbidity, THC and TOC, which recorded highest values (mean ± SD, ANOVA p<0.05) in August (turbidity: 48.33±23.71 NTU and THC: 5.42±3.00mg/L) and June (TOC: 0.65±0.05mg/L) respectively. Spatially, most physico-chemical characteristics were consistent across stations except for EC, ORP, salinity and TDS which were significantly decreased at the Eastern bye-pass bridge. Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and sulphate) levels did not exhibit any spatial or temporal variations. Comparing average parameters values to permissible limits showed that DO, EC, pH, salinity, phosphate, nitrate was within the permissible limit while temperature, turbidity, BOD, THC and sulphate exceeded permissible limits set by Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Victoria, European Union (EU) and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). The SFI identified total hydrocarbon (9.47), Sulphate (6.54) and Total hydrocarbon (6.50) again as the dominant pollutant in Marine base jetty, NDDC water front and Eastern bye-pass bridge respectively. NPI and CCME-WQI classified water quality across stations as moderately polluted and marginally acceptable respectively, while WPI rated Marine based jetty as heavily polluted (WPI 7.33) and the other two stations as impure. In conclusion, while some physico-chemical parameters are within acceptable limits, elevated levels of temperature, turbidity, BOD, THC, and sulphate signify substantial anthropogenic pressure. Although, there were slight variations among the water quality indices (SFI, NPI, WPI, and CCME-WQI), all indices consistently identified Marine Base Jetty as the most polluted, primarily due to hydrocarbon and sulphate followed by Eastern bye-pass bridge then NNDC water front recording notable pollution. Immediate remediation is necessary to mitigate water quality degradation in Amadi Creek.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".