Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liquid/liquid-vapor (L/LV) and aqueous-liquid/aqueous-liquid-vapor (AL/ALV) boundaries of pseudo-binary mixtures of bitumen and water were measured using the isothermal stepwise volume expansion method at conditions relevant to in situ heavy oil operations (temperatures from 180 to 280 °C and pressures from 1.5 to 5 MPa). The L/AL boundary was determined from the intersection of the L/LV and AL/ALV boundaries. An activity coefficient model of the pseudo-binary system was used to check the self-consistency of the L/LV measurements. The Advanced Peng Robinson equation of state, which has a distinct alpha function for water, was used to model the VLE and VLLE data. For this model, the oil was characterized into pseudo-components based on a SimDist assay and the specific gravity and asphaltene content of the oil. Temperature dependent binary interaction parameters between bitumen pseudo-components and water were tuned such that the model fit the measurements to within the experimental error. Isothermal pressure-composition phase diagrams were generated for the pseudo-binary mixtures at each temperature. Finally, a straightforward correlation for the solubility limit of water in bitumen as a function of temperature was developed using the data in this study and from the literature. The average deviation of the correlation was 0.5 wt % below 340 °C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".