The relationship of lactating beef cow metabolizable energy intake to energy partitioning, milk composition, and calf performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 2-yr experiment was conducted to determine the impact of maternal metabolizable energy intake (MEI) on energy partitioning and performance of beef cows and calves. Forty mature crossbred Angus beef cows (6 ± 2.0 yr, 534 ± 60 kg BW) were used each year along with their suckling steer calves (84 ± 8.7 d, 130 ± 15 kg BW). Cows were stratified by early lactation milk yield and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 levels of MEI. Each treatment group was housed in a dry lot pen. During year 1, maternal MEI ranged from 225 to 320 kcal·BW0.75·d-1, while in year 2, MEI ranged from 215 to 288 kcal·BW0.75·d-1. Calves were provided ad libitum access to the same TMR diet as the cows in a creep area. Parameters evaluated included apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, milk production and nutritional composition, cow body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), ultrasound carcass characteristics, calf BW, and calf creep feed intake. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) as a general linear mixed model. The final model included the linear effect of maternal MEI as a fixed effect and the year of the experiment as a random effect. Significance of the fixed effects was declared when P ≤ 0.05, while tendencies were declared when 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Cow 100-d BW, BCS, and ADG linearly increased (all, P < 0.01) with increasing levels of maternal MEI. Similarly, calf 100-d BW and ADG linearly increased (P = 0.03, P < 0.01, respectively) with increasing maternal MEI. Milk yield, milk energy production and all milk nutrients linearly increased (P ≤ 0.04) with increasing maternal MEI, except for milk urea nitrogen which significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Cow energy partitioned to tissue accretion and milk production linearly increased (both, P < 0.001). As maternal MEI increased, the proportion of net retained energy partitioned to maternal tissue accretion initially increased. However, at approximately 275 kcal·BW0.75·d-1 of maternal MEI, the proportion plateaued. Increased maternal MEI reduced the efficiency of calf BW gain (BW gain per unit of calf MEI from both creep feed and milk) in a linear fashion (P = 0.03). These findings suggest that maternal energy intake, rather than genetic capacity for milk yield, limited milk energy production in these cows. Furthermore, the maximum proportion of retained energy as maternal tissue was achieved at about 275 kcal·BW0.75·d-1.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".