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Record W4409636608 · doi:10.36568/gelinkes.v23i1.232

Heavy Metals Pb, Cd and Cu in Palu Bay Waters

2025· article· en· W4409636608 on OpenAlex
Matius Paundanan, Nelky Suriawanto, M. C. M. Iqbal

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueGEMA Lingkungan Kesehatan · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicHeavy metals in environment
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersDirektorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi
KeywordsBayHeavy metalsEnvironmental chemistryEnvironmental scienceCopperChemistryOceanographyGeologyMetallurgyMaterials science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The coastal waters of Palu Bay are vulnerable to pollution from various activities of the surrounding population. This study aimed to determine the content of heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Cu in the water and sediment of the coastal waters of Palu Bay. The analysis of heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, and Cu) in water and sediment was conducted using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Based on the research, the results showed that the heavy metal content in the water ranged from undetected to 0.04 mg/L for Pb, undetected for Cd and Cu. The heavy metals content in the sediment ranged from 2.17 to 13.8 mg/kg for Pb, undetected to 0.17 mg/kg for Cd, and 5.02 to 37.67 mg/kg for Cu. The Pb content in the water has significantly exceeded the quality standard as stipulated in the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004. The Pb content in the sediment is still within safe limits according to Canadian quality standards. The Cd content in the sediment exceeded the quality standard at station 6, while for the other 9 stations, it was not detected. The Cu content in the sediment at 5 stations (2, 3, 4, 5, and 10) has exceeded the Canadian quality standard of 18.7 mg/kg.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.153
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.243
Teacher spread0.234 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it