CD28 and TCR differentially impact naïve and memory T cell responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Manipulating CD28 co-stimulation is a key element of anti-tumour immune responses and treating autoimmune diseases. CD28 can reduce the T cell activation threshold but has a complex relationship with T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and an unclear role in specific T cell subsets. Using a series of in vitro stimulation assays, we have studied the relative contribution of CD28 and TCR signals in human CD4 + T cell responses. We show that not only the quantity of CD28 co-stimulation but also its intensity relative to TCR differentially impacts the division of naïve and memory T cells. We show that CD28 co-stimulation can have TCR-independent effects on memory T cell phenotype and cytokine production and in some settings can antagonize TCR-driven functions. These data highlight the complex relationship between CD28 co-stimulation and TCR signals and expose clear differences in their use by naïve and memory T cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".