CD28 and TCR differentially impact naïve and memory T cell responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Manipulating CD28 co-stimulation is a key element of anti-tumour immune responses and treating autoimmune diseases. CD28 can reduce the T cell activation threshold but has a complex relationship with T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and an unclear role in specific T cell subsets. Using a series of in vitro stimulation assays, we have studied the relative contribution of CD28 and TCR signals in human CD4 + T cell responses. We show that not only the quantity of CD28 co-stimulation but also its intensity relative to TCR differentially impacts the division of naïve and memory T cells. We show that CD28 co-stimulation can have TCR-independent effects on memory T cell phenotype and cytokine production and in some settings can antagonize TCR-driven functions. These data highlight the complex relationship between CD28 co-stimulation and TCR signals and expose clear differences in their use by naïve and memory T cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".