Minor and Trace Element Chemistry of Gold: Controls and Implications for Gold Deposits Within the Superior Province, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Gold is one of the most studied metals in human history, yet more research is required to better understand the behavior of major, minor, and trace elements in native gold to advance our understanding of gold systems. The Superior craton in Ontario, Canada, provides an excellent study area for gold systems because of the abundance and distribution of world class gold deposits. The present study constrains the geochemical signature of native gold using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry, electron probe microanalysis, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-microscopy to characterize 238 samples from 70 gold deposits and occurrences. Generally, Ag, Cu, and Hg occur over 100 ppm, with Sb, Pd, Cd, and Bi typically occurring as trace elements between 0.001 and 100 ppm. The geochemical signature of gold is variable at the craton scale, but it is consistent at the gold district scale. These spatially distinct trace element signatures are independent of local host rock and deposit types, with the exception of Pd, which suggests an affinity for gold from magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. The regional control on the Sb, Hg, Cd, and Cu in gold has implications for ore-forming processes and how these metals are sourced in gold deposits. These elemental signatures also have important practical applications for industry; for example, in using elemental vectors in exploration that reflect local gold composition and/or in metallurgical processing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".