Anion exchangers prepared from graft polymerisation of microfibrillated cellulose using the reactive ionic liquid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was functionalised using a reactive ionic liquid monomer, i.e. , glycidyltriethylammonium chloride (GTEAC), via chain-growth polymerisation, resulting in a novel cationic polyelectrolyte-grafted quaternised MFC (QMFC). The degree of quaternisation and maximum ion exchange capacity of the resulting QMFC were 2.13 mmol/g ( i.e. , 132 mg/g) and 1.51 mmol/g ( i.e. , 94 mg/g), respectively. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) experiments confirmed the retention of monoclinic crystalline structure for cellulose I with the corresponding decrease in the degree of crystallinity from 85% to 56% and the increase in the spacing between cellulose crystallites by 35%. The presence of the amorphous and grafted polymers was confirmed by microscopy, thermal analysis, and water sorption experiments. QMFC filter cartridges were prepared and tested under dynamic flow conditions with a pressure of 0.2 MPa (retention time of 0.5 min). These cationic polyelectrolytes enhanced multi-site ion exchange interactions as evidenced by the Freundlich sorption isotherm. The QMFC filter cartridges demonstrated high anion removal efficiency values of 83.2%, 98.1%, and 94.9% for NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻, respectively. This system achieved a process mass efficiency of 2.79, an E -factor of 1.97, and an energy efficiency score of 66.3, which conforms to the green chemistry principles and demonstrates high potential for sustainable water purification.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".