Bibliographic record
Abstract
Safeguarding the right to dieIn November, 2024, backbench Labour Member of UK Parliament (MP) Kim Leadbeater introduced the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, which aims to legalise assisted dying in England and Wales for terminally ill patients with a life expectancy of less than 6 months, to the UK's House of Commons.The bill was supported by 330 MPs (and rejected by 275) and will undergo extensive review and further votes in the Houses of Commons and Lords before it becomes law.The bill is due to reach the report stage towards the end of April, 2025, in which MPs will debate further amendments.However, other members of the British Isles are further ahead; the Isle of Man, a self-governing British Crown Dependency, became the first of the British Isles to legalise assisted dying for terminally ill people with fewer than 12 months to live in March, this year.Additionally, Scotland introduced a bill in March, 2024, and it is in early stages of consideration.Many stages remain before the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill becomes law, but if or when it does, England and Wales will join a growing list of countries in which the right to die is enshrined in law.Around the world, more than 300 million people now live in countries where assisted dying is legal, including Switzerland, the first country to make assisted dying legal in 1942, the Netherlands and Belgium, where assisted dying is legal for people with incurable illnesses that cause unbearable suffering, and Austria and Spain, who have legalised assisted dying for people with terminal illnesses or unbearable suffering.Elsewhere in Europe, France is progressing with its own legislation, after dividing it into two bills that focus on palliative care and on "aid in dying" in early April.In the USA, assisted dying is legal in ten states, and Oregon was the first state to legalise it in 1997.Since its introduction in Oregon, assisted dying has remained limited to the terminally ill.In Canda, assisted dying was introduced for the terminally ill in 2016, but the law was amended in 2021 to extend to people with irreversible illnesses or disabilities.In the UK, those who oppose assisted dying often refer to the so-called slippery slope, where they believe the right to die could be extended to more groups, like in Canada, and ensuing changes in attitudes might result in abuse and put the vulnerable at risk.Indeed, in Canada, there have been reports of people that have asked for assistance on the basis of other factors, including an "unmet social need".Additionally, they
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.051 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".