Are Children’s Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviours at 5 Years Predicted by Maternal Perinatal Depression Trajectory Profiles?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Mothers’ depressive symptoms are associated with their children’s internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems. Because mothers’ depressive symptoms can vary across the prenatal and postnatal periods, considering their trajectories is important when predicting children’s behavioural problems. The purposes of this study were to: (1) identify profiles of mothers characterized by their prenatal and postnatal (up to 3 years postpartum) depressive symptom trajectories and (2) examine the associations between maternal depressive symptom profile trajectories and preschool children’s internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems at 5 years of age. Methods: This study used data derived from the APrON Study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measured mothers’ depressive symptoms in early (<27 weeks) and late (≥27 weeks) pregnancy and at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postpartum. The Behavioural Assessment Scales for Children, 2nd Edition, quantified children’s internalizing and externalizing problems at approximately 60 months of age. Non-growth latent profile analysis determined the most suitable and parsimonious number of maternal depressive symptom profiles, and linear regression analysis quantified their associations with their 5-year-old-children’s behavioural problems. Results: A three-profile structure characterized maternal depressive symptom trajectories: minimal, subclinical, and high. Unadjusted (n = 704) and adjusted (n = 621) analyses showed that: 1) mothers’ subclinical and high depressive symptom profiles (p < 0.01) predicted children’s internalizing problems and 2) mothers’ subclinical depressive symptom profiles (p < 0.01) predicted externalizing problems. Conclusions: Maternal subclinical depressive symptoms were equally, if not more, important compared to high depressive symptoms in predicting children’s behavioural problems. Overlooking mothers with subclinical depressive symptoms could have implications for their children’s behavioural/mental health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".