Interarticulator Timing Relations Underlie the Production of Precise and Consistent Vocal Tract Constrictions During Speech
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: During speech production, complex patterns of coordinated movements between sets of articulators (e.g., jaw and tongue, jaw and lips) form precise and consistent constrictions at distinct locations along the vocal tract, despite rampant contextual variation. Speech motor control research seeks to uncover basic principles of organization governing interarticulator coordination during constriction formation, assuming many degrees of freedom for controlling articulator movements. This study tested the hypothesis that the motor system reduces degrees of freedom and facilitates coordination by reliably controlling interarticulator timing. METHOD: Ten talkers produced vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) sequences, recorded using electromagnetic articulography, with variation in production rate and syllable stress. V was /ɑ/-/ɛ/, and C was alveolar /t/-/d/ or bilabial /p/-/b/. Timing relations between peak velocities of condition-specific sets of articulators were determined during oral closure and release for C: jaw, upper lip, and lower lip for bilabial constrictions and jaw and tongue tip for alveolar constrictions. RESULTS: During oral closing, the timing of articulator peak velocities was tightly coupled across scalar changes in rate and stress, such that timing variation in one articulator was accompanied by proportional changes in the timing of another articulator. In contrast, the timing of peak velocities was less tightly coupled during subsequent oral opening. The timing of peak velocities was also more reliably differentiated by rate/stress condition during oral closing than opening, indicating that speech articulator movements are temporally coordinated primarily based on the part of movement related to constriction formation, rather than its subsequent release. CONCLUSION: Findings align with the view that stable interarticulator timing relations underlie the achievement of precise and consistent vocal tract constrictions during speech. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28791872.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".