Occurrence and ecological risk of microplastics in different mariculture feeds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pollution of microplastics (MPs) in mariculture animals and its risk to human health remain a growing concern. However, although much attention has been paid to the release of MPs in mariculture facilities, few reports can be found on the occurrence of MPs in mariculture feeds consumed by mariculture animals. Therefore, the present study investigated the occurrence patterns of MPs in 23 types of mariculture feeds for different species at different life history stages, and the related ecological risks of these MPs were also assessed. MPs were prevalent with an average abundance of 5491 ± 2712 particles kg −1 in all the mariculture feeds. Notably, the abundance of MPs in Stichopus japonicus (SJ) feeds was the highest, especially in adult stage feeds of SJ (19683 ± 6789 particles kg −1 ). The majority of MPs in mariculture feeds were 20–500 μm in size (81.4%), shaped as fragments (66.2%) and fibers (23.5%), mostly transparent (58.5%) and yellow (18.3%) in color, and the polymer types were dominated by polycaprolactone (PCL), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and cellophane (CP), which together accounted for 61.6%. More importantly, the risk index (H) indicated that MPs in Sebastes schlegelii feeds had high risk ( H : 100–1000), while Litopenaeus vannamei , Penaeus monodon , Stichopus japonicus , and Larimichthys crocea feeds had medium risk ( H : 10–100). These findings offer valuable information about MP contamination in mariculture feeds and establish a theoretical foundation for the safe production and use of mariculture feeds, contributing to the development of a risk assessment framework for MPs in mariculture feeds. •Heavy microplastic (MP) pollution occurred in all the mariculture feeds. •Sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus feeds had the highest abundance of MPs. •Transparent and yellow fragments and fibers with sizes of 20–500 μm were dominant. •Polycaprolactone, polypropylene, polyethylene, and cellophane dominated in feeds. •The ecological risk of MPs in Sebastes schlegelii feeds was the highest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".