Photosynthetic oxygen bubble stream sounds from aquatic macrophytes, and their consequences for acoustic biodiversity inventories and acoustic communication in shallow freshwater settings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emerging field of soundscape ecology focuses on biological, geophysical, and anthropogenic sounds, and provides a non-invasive method to inventory ecosystems. Most of the work on freshwater soundscapes focuses on larger fishes in deeper water, or on insects. We suggest the possibility that such studies have either missed or misidentified photosynthetic oxygen bubble sounds (POBS) produced by bubble streams from damaged macrophytes in sunny shallow water. These contribute significantly to local soundscapes. We recorded such sounds in the shallows of Gull Lake, Alberta, Canada, where POBS from sago pondweed (Stuckenia pectinata), along with water boatman stridulations (Hemiptera: Corixidae), comprised almost all of the sounds we encountered. These sounds attenuate rapidly with distance, and the POBS constitute a remarkable acoustic diversity, resulting in a patchwork of very different soundscapes in these shallows. Recognition of POBS has important consequences for acoustic bioinventories in shallow water, rapid ecosystem assessments involving indices of primary production, and bioacoustics studies of such organisms as corixid bugs, communicating against a cacophonous background of POBS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".