Exploring influenza A virus receptor distribution in the lactating mammary gland of domesticated livestock and in human breast tissue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus among dairy cattle illustrates the adaptability of influenza A viruses (IAV) to infect non-traditional species. While IAV-specific sialic acid (SA) receptors have been identified in the mammary glands of dairy cattle, their presence in pigs, sheep, goats, and alpacas has not been studied until now. The zoonotic transmission of HPAI H5N1 to dairy and poultry farm workers during outbreaks raises public health concerns. This study employed lectin histochemistry to examine the mammary glands of livestock and humans. We found that these tissues were rich in SA α2,6-Gal receptors, followed by SA α2,3-Gal receptors, essential for IAV binding. Notably, the A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus could bind to mammary tissue from both cattle and pigs. These findings highlight the potential for HPAI H5N1 to infect and spread within the mammary glands of production animals and humans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".