A Spray Dried Replicon Vaccine Platform for Pandemic Response
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The recent COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the threat of a global pandemic caused by H5N1 avian influenza virus, has highlighted the need for the development of thermostable vaccines that can be manufactured and distributed rapidly to combat the next global pandemic. To address this need, we previously developed a replicon vaccine platform that utilizes a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to protect and efficiently deliver antigen-expressing replicon molecules in vivo . The replicon-NLC vaccine platform uses readily sourced components and can be rapidly manufactured at scale with the potential for stockpiling, thus enhancing pandemic preparedness. Spray drying is a promising method of vaccine desiccation with reduced costs and increased scale-up capabilities compared to lyophilization. As proof of concept, we demonstrate for the first time the successful spray drying of a replicon-NLC vaccine complex designed to protect against H5N1 avian influenza A virus to enhance its long-term thermostability while maintaining vaccine immunogenicity in an in vivo mouse model. Several glass-forming disaccharide excipients were screened for formulation and process compatibility under low-temperature spray drying conditions, and it was determined that a suitable shell-forming excipient, L-leucine, was necessary to prevent excessive accumulation of replicon-NLC vaccine complexes on the dry powder surface and a subsequent loss in process yield. The spray dried replicon-NLC vaccine powders were chemically stable for 1 month of storage at 40°C. Immunogenicity of the spray dried drug product was also well maintained for at least 3 months of storage at 4°C when administered intramuscularly into C57BL/6 mice as a reconstituted liquid. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to precisely control the aerodynamic particle size of the spray dried vaccine product to generate dry powders that are theoretically suitable for nasal or pulmonary delivery without reconstitution. This work establishes the feasibility of spray drying a thermostable replicon-NLC vaccine for rapid pandemic response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".