Reconstruction of rockfall events using dendrogeomorphological techniques in a highly visited climbing area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stawamus Chief Provincial Park, north of Vancouver, British Columbia, is a popular climbing and hiking destination affected by frequent, potentially hazardous rockfalls. This study documents the recent rockfall history below the North Wall of Stawamus Chief using dendrogeomorphological methods, providing a case study ‘proof-of-concept’ of the use of dendrogeomorphology for assessing rockfall hazards. We produced a geomorphic map of the North Wall based on an interpretation of lidar imagery and collected 245 samples from 74 rockfall-impacted trees (Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Thuja plicata) at the base of the steep face at three sites. We generated a 167-year rockfall chronology and reconstructed the spatial and temporal pattern of tree damage using the Shroder index. A total of 911 growth anomalies relate to 51 rockfall events, 11 of which occurred between 1940 and 1959. In a search for possible causes and triggers, we compiled rainfall and temperature data from four meteorological stations and earthquake data from Earthquakes Canada. The average rockfall return period at site II (<14 years) is shorter than that at site I (>14 years); thus, the trees growing at site II appear to be exposed to more frequent rockfalls than those in site I. Twelve events occurred 3-5 days when at least 50 mm of accumulated rain, and seven occurred during years with strong earthquakes. We also consider other possible trigger phenomena, including freezethaw cycling and days with high temperatures and extreme diurnal temperature ranges. We demonstrate the potential of these methods for providing an improved understanding of rockfall and debris flow hazards in forested terrain and for guiding BC Parks on risks faced by hikers and rock climbers who visit Stawamus Chief Provincial Park.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".