The search for Lake Superior ciscoes as described by W. Koelz in 1929 yields a surprising discovery: Shortnose Cisco ( <i>Coregonus reighardi</i> ), a presumed extinct species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Laurentian Great Lakes (LGL) formed following the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation 15-9 ka and provided a vast volume of freshwater habitat for coregonines, which included a diverse endemic complex of ciscoes. However, anthropogenic impacts in the 19 th and 20 th centuries resulted in declines and losses of ciscoes, leaving only Lake Superior with a relatively intact complex that still dominates its prey fish community. In the 1920s, W. Koelz described six putative cisco species from Lake Superior: Coregonus artedi , C. hoyi , C. kiyi , C. zenithicus, C. reighardi , and C. nigripinnis . Of these, artedi , hoyi and kiyi remain extant and abundant in Lake Superior, zenithicus is considered extirpated throughout the LGL except in Lake Superior, and reighardi and nigripinnis are considered extinct and had been synonymized as zenithicus in Lake Superior. Using an integration of morphological and genetic approaches, we present results reaffirming the presence of artedi , hoyi , and kiyi, and new evidence for the presence of reighardi , a species thought to be extinct. Our analysis did not elucidate the presence of zenithicus and nigripinnis , leaving their status unresolved. The principal morphological characters that discriminate artedi, hoyi, kiyi, and reighardi are related to habitat and trophic (ecological) specialization and foster niche segregation: eye size, gill raker length, and gill raker spacing, the same as those that foster niche segregation in subarctic European whitefishes. The discovery of reighardi is expected to stimulate new interest in the development of conservation and restoration plans for rare and imperiled cisco species in the LGL and other freshwater lakes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and our integrated morphological and genetic approach can benefit these efforts by providing insights for the evolution, diversity, and ecology of ciscoes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".