Enhancing Herd Immunity: The Indirect Immune Effects of the <i>M. bovis</i> ‐BoHV‐1 Combined Vaccine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex illness driven by the interplay of various bacteria and viruses, often resulting in co‐infection. It stands as one of the most significant and costly challenges in the cattle industry. The development of vaccines targeting BRD pathogens has garnered substantial attention, particularly for their ability to induce indirect immune protection in unvaccinated animals through the immune effects of vaccinated individuals. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the indirect immune effect of our developed attenuated and marker Mycoplasma bovis ‐BoHV‐1 combined vaccine. Our results demonstrated that the combined vaccine effectively activates the innate immune response in animals cohabitating with immunized individuals. This was evidenced by a significant increase in serum lysozyme levels, blood lymphocyte counts, and elevated cytokine levels. Furthermore, these cohabitating animals exhibited effective activation of the humoral immune response, as indicated by the elevated levels of specific antibodies against various pathogens. Notably, M. bovis serum ELISA antibodies and BoHV‐1 neutralizing antibodies in all calves from the co‐housing group turned positive by the second week, exceeding the threshold values of 41% and 1:8, respectively. In addition, serum levels of total IgA and IgG antibodies were significantly elevated compared to the blank control group. In conclusion, the attenuated and marker M. bovis ‐BoHV‐1 combined vaccine we developed shows a notable indirect immune effect, which is essential for controlling the spread of infection and enhancing calf survival. This study greatly facilitated the sustainable growth of the cattle industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".