Norovirus Infection at the NIH Clinical Center from 2010 to 2023: A Comparative Analysis of Acute vs. Chronic Norovirus Infection with a Focus on Inborn Errors of Immunity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rationale Chronic norovirus infection (CNI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. We sought to determine clinical and virologic features associated with CNI with an emphasis on IEI. Methods Norovirus-positive stool samples from 88 patients at the NIH Clinical Center from 2010 to 2023. Longitudinal clinical and virologic data were collected. Results Forty-eight patients had CNI; 23 had acute norovirus infection (ANI); 17 patients were unclassifiable. Eighty-three percent of CNI patients had an underlying diagnosis of IEI, including CID (N = 23), CVID (N = 11), and SCID (N = 6). The majority with ANI had hematologic disorders (48%); only 5 (21%) had CVID, CID, or SCID. Mortality in the CNI cohort was 38%. More than half of CNI patients had nutritional defects, including electrolyte abnormalities and hypovitaminosis; 20% required TPN. GII.4 was the predominant norovirus genotype among all patients, although diverse genotype I and II viruses were represented. Gastrointestinal coinfections during CNI infection were prevalent (50%); the most common being enteropathogenic E. coli (N = 12) and C. difficile (N = 12). Seventy-seven percent of CNI patients had chronic liver disease, including both cholestatic (N = 18) and hepatocellular (N = 14) patterns. Thirty-three percent (N = 16) of CNI patients had a diagnosis of nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH). Only 35% of patients with ANI had chronic liver disease. Twelve patients with CNI eventually cleared norovirus (median duration of 688 days versus 18 days for ANI). Eight patients cleared in the setting of definitive immune reconstitution, specifically HSCT or gene therapy. Three patients cleared in the setting of immunomodulatory therapy for concurrent IEI-related enteropathy treated with ustekinumab, abatacept, and/or JAK inhibitors. No patient cleared after traditional CNI therapies, including nitazoxanide, ribavirin, or immunoglobulin (PO or IV). Conclusions CNI patients were nutritionally compromised with high mortality and a high prevalence of liver disease. IEI with adaptive defects were disproportionately represented in CNI. Common CNI treatments were not effective. CNI consistently resolved with definitive immune reconstitution; some patients cleared infection with immunomodulatory therapy for enteropathy, suggesting a new treatment strategy to be explored in future studies. To our knowledge, this is the largest cohort of CNI with a focus on IEI analyzed to date. Figure 1. Category of underlying diagnosis. Figure 2. Norovirus genotypes represented across cohorts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".