Carbohydrate sulfation as a critical modulator of siglec-sialoglycan interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Siglecs are sialic acid-binding immunomodulatory receptors that regulate immune homeostasis. Abnormal alterations in sialic acid-containing glycans (sialoglycans) on tissues or cells are key drivers of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, the role of Siglecs as immune checkpoints has gained increasing attention. To better understand Siglec biology, comprehensive approaches have been employed to elucidate Siglec ligands, including chemical synthesis for glycan microarrays and genetic manipulation of glycosyltransferases for understanding their biosynthesis process. These efforts have revealed that carbohydrate sulfation, catalyzed by carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs), fine-tunes Siglec-sialoglycan interactions by enhancing binding affinities. This review summarizes the latest insights into sulfated sialoglycan ligands for individual Siglecs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".