Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Ballast Aggregate
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The accumulation of waste by-products, such as steel slag, has become a significant environmental concern in waste management.In recent years, the reuse of waste materials in structural fills and pavement subbase materials has increased as part of efforts to promote sustainable waste recycling.On this basis evaluating potential alternative for railway ballast materials is valuable, particularly from the prospective of mechanical performance.This study examines the potential of EAF slag as a railway ballast material through a comprehensive series of laboratory tests, including physical and mechanical evaluations.Monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests are performed to evaluate its shear strength and permanent deformation characteristics under field representative stress condition.The performance of EAF slag is subsequently compared with various ballast materials reported in the literature.The results indicate that the EAF slag meets the standards established by major countries.Additionally, its performance aligns with previously published data for natural aggregate ballast materials, demonstrating promising shear strength, less permanent deformation, and improved stiffness under repeated loading.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it