Frequency of Stroke in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Retrospective Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases. Objective This study aims to assess the frequency of stroke in patients presenting with COPD, explore associated risk factors, and examine the clinical outcomes of stroke in this population. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records from a tertiary care hospital. A total of 375 patients diagnosed with COPD were included in the study. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, COPD severity (as defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria), comorbidities, stroke incidence (both ischemic and hemorrhagic), and related risk factors. Stroke severity and clinical outcomes, such as disability, hospitalization duration, and mortality, were also analyzed. Results The study found a significantly higher frequency of stroke in COPD patients compared to the general population. Stroke risk was particularly elevated in patients with advanced COPD, as well as those with comorbid hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes were more common in COPD patients, with hypoxia and systemic inflammation being potential contributing factors. Patients who suffered a stroke had poorer clinical outcomes, with higher rates of disability, extended hospital stays, and increased mortality, compared to stroke patients without COPD. Conclusions COPD patients are at an increased risk of stroke, and this risk is further exacerbated by comorbid cardiovascular conditions and advanced stages of COPD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".