Designing Trimetallic Single-Doped Alloy Catalysts for Sustainable Ammonia Production: The Role of Dopants in Active Site Engineering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using in-depth density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this study investigated the (111) surfaces of trimetallic single-doped alloys (SDAs) based on the CuNi alloy doped with Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, Co, Ru, and Fe, evaluating their catalytic potential for ammonia synthesis. This study analyzed their activity and selectivity toward N 2 and H 2, as well as the rate-limiting steps in associative and dissociative reaction pathways. Among the various dopants, Au was the most effective for the associative pathway, enhancing charge transfer to the N 2 molecule and lowering the N 2 H formation energy barrier. Meanwhile, Pd and Pt showed better performance in suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction. The spillover energy (SOE) and dopant charge, known as key descriptors of the catalytic performance in bimetallic SDAs, were also evaluated to determine their applicability in trimetallic SDAs. The findings highlight that, unlike in bimetallic SDAs, where dopant charge governs performance, the N 2 activity of trimetallic SDAs depends not only on the dopant charge but also significantly on the dopant’s local environment (the dopant’s nearest neighbor atoms). This difference is due to the random arrangement of two different metal atoms in the bimetallic host of SDA surfaces, resulting in variations in the charge distribution around the dopant depending on where it is placed. Although SOE failed to capture the influence of the dopant’s local environment accurately, it effectively determined the ability of the dopant to catalyze the rate-limiting steps of the nitrogen reduction reaction by directing the intermediates from the dopant to the host atoms. Overall, this study demonstrates that the SOE and dopant charge, while important, are not sufficient for designing trimetallic SDA catalysts for ammonia synthesis. Instead, the dopant’s local environment must also be taken into account. This work establishes fundamental guidelines for engineering advanced trimetallic SDA catalysts tailored for ammonia production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".