Closed-Loop Shape-Forming Control of a Magnetic Soft Continuum Robot
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Continuum manipulators are frequently employed in endoluminal interventions, however, a lack of softness and dexterity in standard manipulators can risk trauma during navigation and limit reachable workspace. Magnetically actuated Soft Continuum Robots (MSCRs) offer enhanced miniaturization potential and reduced rigidity due to their external actuation. Magnetizations pertaining only to the tip of the robot offer a limited range of deformation options where more versatile MSCRs can be embedded with distinct, lengthwise magnetization profiles. These full-body bespoke profiles allow the robots to form pre-determined shapes under actuation. Here we propose an approach to model and control MSCR behavior in closed-loop. We employ this system to achieve shape forming navigations subject to variations in initial conditions. To validate our methodology, we conduct experiments using a 50 mm long by 1.8 mm diameter MSCR navigating through a soft phantom from the tip of a duodenoscope. The proposed system is capable of rejecting variations in the angle at which the MSCR is inserted. We employed homogeneous magnetic fields for actuation and closed-loop vision-based control to manipulate the lengthwise body shape of our MSCR. The performance of this closed-loop approach is compared with an open loop counterpart, which fails in all but one navigation attempts into the pancreatic duct.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".