Mouse nephron formation is impaired by moderate dose arsenical exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Millions of people are exposed to concentrations of arsenic that exceed the World Health Organization's limit of 10 μg/L. Inorganic arsenic (iAsIII) is metabolized by arsenic 3 methyltransferase (As3mt) that converts it to methylated arsenicals, mono and dimethyl arsonous acid (MMA and DMA). Chronic arsenic exposure is linked to an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), however, the effects of arsenic exposure on kidney development remain unclear. We hypothesized that exposure to arsenicals impairs nephron formation during mouse kidney development. Mouse embryonic kidney explants were treated with iAsIII and MMAIII (1.5 μM or 200 μg/L). iAsIII inhibited growth of kidney explants and ureteric bud branching morphogenesis at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and E12.5, but not at E13.5. Similar effects were observed when kidney explants were treated with MMAIII. Additionally, iAsIII exposure increased apoptosis in the metanephric mesenchyme of E11.5 explants and decreased Gdnf transcription. To assess the impact of iAS exposure in utero and early postnatal life, female mice harboring a humanized version of AS3MT and wild-type mice with murine As3mt were exposed to iAsIII throughout gestation and weaning and their offspring were analyzed for kidney defects. Pups with human AS3MT exposed to 1.5 μM iAsIII in utero, showed a 20 % reduction in kidney weight normalized to body weight and a 28 % reduction in nephron number, compared to kidneys of wild-type mice. In conclusion, exposure to arsenicals during embryonic development impairs ureteric bud branching morphogenesis and decreases nephron endowment, which may predispose to CKD in adulthood.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".