Alterations in blood pressure dependent activation of leg muscles during standing following bed rest mimic those observed with ageing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Baroreflex-mediated activation of lower leg muscles (i.e., muscle-pump baroreflex) has been suggested to play a significant role in blood pressure regulation during standing. Compromised muscle-pump baroreflex because of ageing or prolonged inactivity could contribute to orthostatic hypotension. Understanding the contribution of individual lower leg muscles to blood pressure regulation could lead to the development of muscle-specific strategies to prevent orthostatic hypotension associated with muscle-pump baroreflex dysfunctions. Methods In this study, individual muscle (tibialis anterior (TA), lateral soleus (SOL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG)) responses to blood pressure changes upon a supine-to-stand orthostatic challenge were examined in young adult male participants (35 ± 2 years) before and after 60 days of 6° head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR). By analyzing the interactions between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heartbeat-by-heartbeat electromyogram impulse (EMGimp) during standing, the interactions between SBP and EMGimp including muscle-pump baroreflex were characterized by fraction time active (FTA) and response gain from wavelet transform coherence analysis and the causality values using convergent cross mapping method for individual leg muscles. Since inactivity and ageing are common causes of orthostatic intolerance, the HDBR results were compared with those from young and older individuals in a previously published study to investigate the similarities in their effects on muscle-pump baroreflex. Results During standing, FTA reduced for all muscles except MG following HDBR and was lower in older compared to younger participants. Muscle-pump baroreflex causality (SBP→EMGimp) reduced for all muscles following HDBR and was lower for LG and SOL muscles in older compared to younger adults. The mechanical muscle-pump causality (SBP→EMGimp) was not affected by HDBR or by age. Increased TA muscle-pump baroreflex gain post-HDBR may point to a compensatory mechanism for decreased active control. Conclusions Our results showed striking similarities in the alteration of muscle-pump baroreflex induced via ageing and HDBR, suggesting strong commonalities between ageing and long-term inactivity in terms of the adverse effects on baroreflex mediated control of lower leg muscle activities in response to orthostatic challenge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".