Mitigation of PFOA-Induced Developmental Toxicity in Danio rerio by Bacillus subtilis var. natto: Focus on Growth and Ossification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent environmental contaminant that resists biological degradation and accumulates in organisms. It disrupts zebrafish embryo development, affecting their heartbeat rate and locomotion. Meanwhile, probiotics are known to enhance the development and ossification of zebrafish embryos. In this study, we examined the toxic effects of PFOA on growth and bone formation in zebrafish and the potential of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis var. natto to counteract its toxicity. Larvae were exposed to 0, 50, or 100 mg/L PFOA from hatching to 21 days post-fertilization (dpf), with or without dietary probiotic supplementation (107 CFU/larva/day), and they were sampled at 7, 14, and 21 dpf. PFOA exposure reduced standard length at 21 dpf, while the co-administration of probiotics mitigated these effects. Craniofacial cartilage defects appeared in larvae exposed to 50 mg/L PFOA at 7 and 14 dpf, while 100 mg/L PFOA impaired bone development at 7 dpf. Probiotics counteracted these abnormalities. PFOA also delayed ossification, correlating with the downregulation of col10a1a, runx2b, and cyp26b1, while the probiotic treatment restored normal ossification. These findings improve our understanding of PFOA’s detrimental effects on zebrafish growth and bone formation while demonstrating the protective role of probiotics against PFOA-induced developmental toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".