Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ctenophores (comb jellies) are part of the diverse gelatinous zooplankton that have received growing research interest in recent decades. However, scientific dedication varies vastly across regions. Ctenophores have historically attracted limited attention in Atlantic Canada (four easternmost provinces and Quebec) despite their documented (seasonal) considerable food web impacts. In this part of the Northwest Atlantic known for bio-invasions and climate change-facilitated northward distribution shifts, we reviewed literature and open-access biodiversity repositories to improve our understanding of ctenophore seasonal population dynamics, spatial distributions, and trophic interactions. From the peer-reviewed literature, we listed four extant species ( Beroe cucumis Fabricius, 1780; Bolinopsis infundibulum (O.F. Müller, 1776); Mertensia ovum (Fabricius, 1780); and Pleurobrachia pileus (O.F. Müller, 1776)), which are common cold-water species found across the boreal/sub-arctic North Atlantic, one species recorded more than a century ago ( Dryodora glandiformis (Mertens, 1833)), and one extinct species ( Daihuoides jakobvintheri† Klug, Kerr, Lee & Cloutier, 2021). In addition, online platforms (Ocean Biodiversity Information System, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, and iNaturalist®) revealed up to seven additional species. Some of them are doubtful. We discussed the complementary species lists and caveats of the (community) scientific approaches. We formulated research priorities to overcome historically rooted knowledge gaps on gelatinous zooplankton, and ctenophores in particular, in Atlantic Canadian territorial shelf waters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.021 | 0.027 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".