Lower semantic verbal fluency at baseline indicates future decline in subjective cognitive decline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to a condition in which older adults are concerned that they are experiencing a decline in cognitive function. The risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is significantly higher in older adults with SCD, as a proportion of them will go on to develop the disease over the years. Despite overall normal function on cognitive tests, evidence suggests that some SCD individuals may have circumscribed deficits in specific cognitive domains or tests. This study aimed to investigate semantic function in SCD, specifically by comparing the performance of SCD progressors (SCDp) - who fulfilled MCI criteria at follow-up, and SCD non-progressors (SCDnp) - who either remained stable or reverted to normal cognition. The main hypothesis was that the SCDp group would show significantly lower semantic performance than the SCDnp group at baseline. We also expected the SCDp group to decline faster on semantic tests at the two-year follow-up assessment than SCDnp. Data from the CIMA-Q cohort were analyzed. The SCDp and SCDnp groups were formed by precisely matching 25 participants from each group based on age and education levels. Both groups were compared in terms of neuropsychological performance at baseline and follow-up. Independent samples t-tests or ANCOVAs were used to measure baseline performance in the semantic domain and other cognitive domains. To study longitudinal changes in cognitive performance at follow-up, two-factor ANOVAs were performed. At baseline, SCDp participants performed significantly worse than SCDnp participants on the Category (semantic) fluency test, although this difference was not maintained at follow-up. No difference was found in other cognitive domains at baseline. Longitudinal analyses showed that a significant decline in MoCA score was observed in the SCDp group only. The results of this study suggest that reduced verbal semantic fluency in older people with SCD may indicate a higher risk of future cognitive decline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".