Variations in religious development by sexual orientation: Results from a nationally representative U.S. sample.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
=10,879 at Wave I; ages 12-21). Time-varying effect modeling examined changes in religious affiliation (any affiliation vs no affiliation), importance, attendance, and prayer across ages 12 to 41 as a function of sexual orientation in adulthood (heterosexual, 86.1%; mostly heterosexual, 9.6%; bisexual, 1.6%; mostly gay/lesbian, 0.9%; gay/lesbian, 1.4%; and asexual, 0.5%). For the heterosexual group, levels of religious affiliation and attendance were highest at age 12 and decreased until age 20 and then stabilized. Importance and prayer remained relatively stable across time. Affiliation, attendance, importance, and prayer were generally significantly lower in the mostly heterosexual, bisexual, and mostly gay/lesbian groups compared to the heterosexual group. Affiliation did not significantly differ from heterosexual individuals at most ages for the gay/lesbian and asexual groups. Attendance and importance were significantly lower for the gay/lesbian group in middle adulthood and significantly lower for the asexual group in adolescence. Prayer was also significantly lower in middle adulthood for the mostly gay/lesbian group and in adolescence for the asexual group. Prayer was significantly higher in adolescence for the gay/lesbian group. Religiosity changes over development and varies by sexual orientation, particularly between those who are heterosexual and who have sexual orientations that are non-monosexual.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".