Biodiversity Congruence Across Lake‐Watershed Landscapes: Insights From an Analysis of 615 Canadian Sites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim The rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity and growing disturbances in adjacent terrestrial systems (deforestation, wetland destruction, etc.) are threatening the status of watershed ecosystems. This study focuses on both the aquatic and terrestrial realms to provide a general assessment of the health and integrity of biodiversity across 12 ecozones in Canada. The goal is to improve our assessment of geographical trends in Canadian watersheds and to provide support in the decision making for land use planning. Location. 615 Canadian lake watersheds, spanning across 12 ecozones. Methods We used species richness and Shannon's biodiversity metrics to quantify and map trends in phytoplankton, zooplankton and trees across Canada. A series of generalised additive models (GAMs), one‐way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity and the spatial trend of biodiversity across ecozones. Lastly, a series of multivariate regression tree (MRT) analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between land use, environmental variables and watershed biodiversity. Results Total watershed biodiversity followed a longitudinal pattern, where biodiversity estimates were greatest across the eastern ecozones of Canada and lowest in central‐western Canada (e.g., Prairies). We found moderately positive relationships between aquatic and tree biodiversity that varied across the different ecozones and were generally strongest across eastern ecozones. Results from the MRTs revealed total watershed biodiversity correlated positively with the proportion of natural landscapes and precipitation and negatively with the proportion of agricultural area. Main Conclusion. Our findings provide a better understanding of broad‐scale watershed biodiversity trends and distribution, which are strongly influenced by the North American elevation gradient and longitudinal patterns of climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation). We found the proportion of agricultural area to be the variable with the strongest negative correlation with biodiversity. These results provide a first portrait of cross‐ecosystem diversity trends in Canada and a key resource for large‐scale land use planning and climate change mitigation efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".