Optimization-based model of a circular supply chain for coffee waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) waste poses significant environmental challenges, including greenhouse gas emissions and contamination risks. However, the existing reverse logistics (RL) systems remain inefficient, costly, and prone to contamination. Although previous studies have explored RL strategies, economically viable logistics models for small-scale SCG operations remain underdeveloped. However, the role of digitalization in optimizing SCG collection has not yet been explored. This study addresses these gaps by developing and evaluating sustainable business models that integrate circular economy principles with Industry 4.0. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was formulated to optimize the location, allocation, and routing decisions for “circular coffee shops, ” which serve as local collection and preprocessing nodes. Using real data from 1000 coffee shops in Montreal, three case scenarios were analyzed to assess the impact of pre-drying technologies and smart logistics on cost reduction and environmental performance. The results show that, while smart bins and real-time data analytics improve network efficiency and sustainability, the strategic placement of pre-drying technologies significantly reduces transportation and processing costs. By introducing a novel framework that integrates digitalization and collaborative waste management, this study advances SCG valorization and minimizes waste-related environmental impact. The findings offer actionable strategies for municipalities and food service stakeholders, providing a scalable, data-driven approach to promote the adoption of circular economy principles in urban organic waste management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".