When pain overwhelms the self: A phenomenological study of a new mode of suffering, based on adults’ recollections of their worst pain episodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Suffering is a foundational yet understudied construct within the field of pain. There is general agreement that pain-related suffering involves disruption to one's sense of self. The selfhood literature characterizes two inter-related modes of self-experience. One mode entails in-the-moment experiences that shape one's stream of consciousness; another involves self-reflective thoughts about the past or expected future, related to self-narratives and identity. The field's current conceptualization of pain-related suffering is exclusively anchored to the latter, self-reflective mode of experience. Our past work argues that this framing fails to account for pain's immediate, disruptive impact and denies the potential for suffering among individuals without self-reflective capacities (e.g. infants). The purpose of this theoretically-informed, phenomenological study was to explore a new potential way by which people living with pain can suffer. We conducted in-depth, qualitative interviews with 12 adults across Canada living with various pain conditions. Interviews focused on understanding the moment-to-moment experiences of their worst episodes of pain. Results revealed important accounts of pain that overwhelmed thoughts and self-reflective capacities and disrupted foundational aspects of self-experience, including senses of agency, bodily ownership and time. Participants reported that these experiences were incapacitating, dehumanizing and dissociating. The findings are remarkably similar to first-hand accounts of torture and support a new mode of pain-related suffering that does not require self-reflection and is characterized by an immediate, disruptive impact on one's sense of self. Findings will inform the development of the first theoretically-informed and evidence-based definition of pain-related suffering and help advance pain theory and practice. PERSPECTIVE: This qualitative phenomenological study characterizes how pain can radically transform one's in-the-moment sense of self. Results reveal a new mode of pain-related suffering that does not require self-reflection. This supports the expansion of traditional understandings of suffering, exclusively anchored to self-reflection, to now include two inter-related modes of pain-related suffering.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".