Annual variation across functional traits: The effects of precipitation and land use on four wild bee species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Understanding the impacts of urbanization and climate change on organisms has become increasingly critical in ecology and conservation as these anthropogenic stressors negatively impact wildlife biodiversity, especially pollinators such as bees. We analysed the demographic (abundance and sex ratio) and morphological (body size and wing wear) responses to urbanization and inter‐annual variation of four common wild bee species across an urban gradient in Toronto, Canada. We observed more significant shifts in bee demography with inter‐annual precipitation variation than with urbanization, with diverse patterns depending on species. The drier active season saw a decrease in abundance for Agapostemon virescens and Ceratina calcarata , whereas Bombus impatiens and Xenoglossa pruinosa increased when compared with the previous year. Wetter active seasons resulted in smaller body sizes and greater wing wear for all bee species examined. For larger bees ( A. virescens , B. impatiens and X. pruinosa ), increasing urbanization resulted in significantly larger females only for A. virescens , whereas foraging effort reduced as urban intensity increased. The small, cavity‐nesting bee, C. calcarata exhibited reduced body sizes and increased foraging effort with increasing urbanization. Moderate urbanization better supported most wild bee assemblages and morphology, suggesting that moderate land use intensity provides green spaces and adequate resources for these bee species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".