Integrated direct air CO2 capture and solid oxide electrolyzer for sustainable chemical production: Case studies of methanol and synthesis fuel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive study of a novel system aimed at producing chemicals from CO 2 captured from the atmosphere by integrating direct air capture (DAC) and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). Two case studies for the chemical produced were considered: CO 2 to methanol and CO 2 to synthetic fuel (synfuel). All scenarios were based on a DAC system capturing 250,000 tonnes per year of CO 2 from the atmosphere. Using Aspen Plus, the results revealed insights into energy consumption, resource utilization, and economic viability. The system produced 36.4 tonne/hr of methanol and 15.1 tonne/hr of synfuel. Methanol production requires 403 MW of electricity and 10.9 tonne/hr of natural gas, with a specific energy consumption of 26.0 kWh/kg-MeOH. Synfuel production demands higher utility usage of 53.9 kWh/kg-synfuel (360 MW electricity, and 7.09 tonne/hr of natural gas). Economic analysis shows a total annual cost and levelized production cost for methanol of $346 M/year and 1.32 $/kg, respectively; for synfuels, the values are $301 M/year and 2.78 $/kg, respectively. Environmental analysis indicates that the amount of CO 2 captured per product unit is for synfuel 1.88 kg-CO 2 captured/kg-synfuel, and for methanol 0.58 kg-CO 2 captured/kg-MeOH. Using Ontario's grid and natural gas emission factor, emission for methanol production amounts to 31.1 g-CO 2 -eq/MJ-MeOH, while for synfuel, it stands at 5.2 g-CO 2 -eq/MJ-synfuel. However, these emissions can be notably reduced by transitioning to renewable sources of electricity and can even become negative in the case of synfuel when hydropower and wind are used as electricity sources. • A CO 2 direct air capture/SOEC to methanol or synfuel system is proposed. • The system is based on a 250,000 tonne/year of CO 2 captured by DAC. • The system produces 36.4 tonne/hr of methanol and 15.1 tonne/hr of synfuel. • Levelized production costs are 1.32 $/kg MeOH and 2.78 $/kg Synfuel . • Equivalent GHG emissions are 31.1 g CO 2 -eq/MJ-MeOH and 5.2 g CO 2 -eq/MJ-synfuel
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".