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Record W4410057352 · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00947

“The Chocolate Conundrum” and Other Easy Active Learning Additions to Traditional Undergraduate Science Courses Designed to Teach for Critical Thinking

2025· article· en· W4410057352 on OpenAlexafffund
Kaitlyn Ramsay, Hardeep Kevin Gill, Katherine S. Elvira

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Chemical Education · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicEducation and Critical Thinking Development
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Victoria
FundersCanadians for Leading Edge Alzheimer Research FoundationCanada Research ChairsMichael Smith Health Research BCUniversity of Victoria
KeywordsCritical thinkingMathematics educationScience educationActive learning (machine learning)Teaching methodChemistryComputer sciencePedagogyPsychology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The need for science students to acquire critical thinking skills during their undergraduate degree is clear, but how to ensure that they indeed develop these skills is still open for discussion. Here, we show that straightforward active learning components designed to teach for critical thinking can be added to a standard second-year analytical chemistry course and that they cause an increase in the critical thinking skills of the students. We analyze our data both quantitatively (using the Danczak-Overton-Thompson (DOT) test) and qualitatively (using student feedback). The course components designed to teach for critical thinking are an open-ended group exercise called “The Chocolate Conundrum”, self-reflection exercises for students to self-assess their critical thinking skills, and a group project designed to enable students to learn to critically review a peer-reviewed journal paper. By linking these components to established teaching theories and synthesizing current knowledge in the field into practical exercises that can be added to current science undergraduate courses, our work highlights how simple and innovative approaches for fostering critical thinking can have impactful outcomes. Students report greatly increased confidence in their critical thinking skills at the end of the course. We hope that our research shows the value of adding simple active learning components to current chemistry and science courses to explicitly teach for critical thinking.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.009
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch, Science and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.639
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.009
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.032
GPT teacher head0.390
Teacher spread0.358 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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