Bibliographic record
Abstract
Approximately 1.3 billion adults globally have hypertension, and are at higher risk of death associated with cardiovascular disease. Adjusted death rate primarily due to high blood pressure is 31.3 per 100,000. The prevalence of drug-resistant hypertension is estimated to be up to 20 % in hypertensive individuals, and is more common in those with chronic kidney disease and obstructive sleep apnea. It occurs in individuals on ≥3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic. The addition of spironolactone, as a fourth drug has been found at times to be effective in management of blood pressure. Other strategies include sequential nephron block (e.g., spironolactone + furosemide + amiloride), and use of drugs such as alpha 2 agonists, endothelin antagonists, and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid antagonists. Use of positive airway pressure and pharmacotherapy have been found to be of value in individuals with sleep apnea in lowering blood pressure. In contrast, baroreceptor stimulation and/or renal denervation combined with pharmacotherapy seem to offer little in a way of consistent efficacy of optimally lowering blood pressures. Remarkably, evidence in the literature strongly supports the view that life style changes including regular exercise and appropriate diet combined with pharmacotherapy can lead to positive outcomes in helping to significantly reduce blood pressure. There is also ample data in literature suggesting the non-compliance to antihypertensive medications as a significant barrier to lowering blood pressure in this group. Accordingly, education regarding pharmacotherapy, and appropriate exercise regimen, including changes to diet should underpin any strategy in the management of high blood pressure in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".