A combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the metabolic reprogramming of developing thermogenic tissues in <i>Nelumbo nucifera</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermogenic plants exhibit high biosynthetic and energetic demands in their thermogenic organs at specific developmental stages. The receptacle of Nelumbo nucifera undergoes metabolic shifts alongside enhanced energy metabolism. Using infrared thermal imaging, we identified the greatest temperature difference between the receptacle and outer petals at the onset (S1) and peak (S2) thermogenic stages. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that alternative oxidase (AOX) and uncoupling protein (UCP) were highly expressed at both S1 and S2, while the expression level of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) at S2 was even lower than that at the pre-thermogenic stage (S0), indicating a possible respiratory flux shift favoring AOX respiration at S2. Additionally, the upregulation of UCP at the thermogenic stages raises the possibility of UCP-fueled thermogenesis. Metabolomic profiling revealed dynamic changes in both primary and secondary metabolites. At S0, amino acids and nucleotides accumulated significantly, while fatty acyl metabolites were prominently enriched at S2. At S2, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were upregulated compared with S0, aligning with their potential roles in pollinator attraction, whereas phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins declined compared with S1. The thermogenic decline stage (S3) and post-thermogenic stage (S4) were characterized by the reaccumulation of these non-volatile secondary metabolites, along with increased lignin biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the metabolic adaptations of N. nucifera in plant-environment interactions and highlights the synergistic interplay between thermogenesis and secondary metabolism in promoting reproductive success.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".