Evaluating the Urban Heat Island Effect in Montreal: Urban Density, Vegetation, Demographic, and Thermal Landscape Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Montreal experiences a significant urban heat island (UHI) effect, potentially intensified by its dense urban structure, varied vegetation, and demographic distribution, leading to substantial outdoor thermal discomfort, especially during heatwaves. To quantify this, measured thermal landscape data were analyzed over several months in Montreal, including heatwave periods, and outdoor thermal comfort was assessed using the humidex, discomfort index, heat index, and temperature–humidity index. The results indicated notable temperature and humidity variations across the city, with the exceedance of thermal comfort index thresholds being significantly higher during heatwaves (humidex: 10.83%, discomfort index: 53.33%, heat index: 24.77%, temperature–humidity index: 36.67%) compared to normal periods. This study provides a quantitative evaluation of UHI-induced outdoor thermal discomfort in Montreal, emphasizing its severity during heatwaves and analyzing the influence of urban density, vegetation, and anthropogenic emissions, thus offering valuable insights for urban planning strategies to mitigate public health impacts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".