Intranasal vaccination with multi-neuraminidase and M2e virus-like particle vaccine results in greater mucosal immunity and protection against influenza than intramuscular injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of seasonal influenza vaccines provides strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, but not against variants, and no effective mucosal immunity. Here, we report that multi-subtype neuraminidase (NA) and M2 ectodomain repeat (5xM2e) virus-like particle vaccine (NA-M2e) conferred higher efficacy of broad cross-protection after two doses of intranasal delivery than intramuscular injection. The intranasally vaccinated mice displayed high levels of IgA antibodies, IFN-γ + CD4 and CD8 T cells, germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and early innate immune cells locally in the lungs. In contrast, intramuscular vaccination systemically induced innate and adaptive immune responses in the spleen. Our findings demonstrate that the intranasal delivery of NA-M2e vaccine induces enhanced mucosal immunity and comparable serum IgG antibodies, offering improved efficacy of cross-protection against diverse influenza virus strains compared to the intramuscular injection in a mouse model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".