Enhanced classification of tinnitus patients using EEG microstates and deep learning techniques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to deepen the understanding and classification of tinnitus through a comprehensive analysis of EEG signals utilizing innovative microstate analysis techniques and cutting-edge machine learning approaches. EEG data were collected from two datasets: a primary dataset with 36 participants (16 healthy, 20 tinnitus) and a public dataset with 37 participants (15 healthy, 22 tinnitus). Signals were decomposed into five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma) using Daubechies 4 wavelet at five decomposition levels. Microstate features (Duration, Occurrence, Mean Global Field Power, and Coverage) were extracted across four microstate configurations (4-state to 7-state) under both eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. Classification was performed using SVM, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Deep Neural Networks. Additionally, pre-trained models (VGG16, ResNet50, Xception) were used with a novel feature-to-image transformation approach for validation. Analysis revealed significant alterations in beta band microstates, with microstate A showing increased duration (+ 7.8% to + 11.2%) and microstate B showing decreased duration (- 9.0% to - 13.8%) in tinnitus patients. Occurrence rates were markedly elevated (~ 28-29% higher) in the tinnitus group. Transition probability analysis identified distinctive patterns between groups, with the most pronounced differences observed in gamma band (6-state configuration) during eyes-closed condition (healthy: F → B = 0.143; tinnitus: C → D = 0.153) and beta band (7-state configuration) also during eyes-closed condition (healthy: E → A = 0.091; tinnitus: C → E = 0.082). In the eyes-open condition, gamma band with 7 microstates showed substantial differences in transition patterns (healthy: E → A = 0.149; tinnitus: C → G = 0.157). Classification performance was exceptional, with DNN achieving 100% accuracy in the gamma frequency band during eyes-open condition with 5-state configuration. Frequency band analysis demonstrated that gamma band performed best for open eyes (99.89% accuracy) and beta band excelled for closed eyes (96.46% accuracy). Validation with pre-trained models showed ResNet50 with SVM classifier using 6-state configurations provided optimal discrimination (100% accuracy). EEG microstate dynamics in beta and gamma bands serve as reliable markers for distinguishing tinnitus patients. These findings provide insights into tinnitus-related neural alterations and highlight microstate analysis as a potential objective diagnostic tool for guiding personalized neuromodulation therapies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".