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Record W4410195530 · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6559440/v1

Substantial aircraft contrail formation at low soot emission levels

2025· preprint· en· W4410195530 on OpenAlex
Christiane Voigt, Raphael Märkl, Daniel Sauer, Rebecca Dischl, Stefan Kaufmann, Tiziana Bräuer, Tina Jurkat, Charles Renard, Katharina Seeliger, Gauthier Le Chenadec, Julien Moreau, Fangqun Yu, Nicolas Bonne, Amandine Roche, Andreas Dörnbrack, Lisa Eirenschmalz, Christopher Heckl, E Friedrich Horst, Michael Lichtenstern, Andreas Marsing, Anke Roiger, Monika Scheibe, Paul Stock, Andreas Giez, Georg Eckel, Gregor Neumann, Margaux Vals, Emiliano Requena-Esteban, Patrick Le Clercq

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueResearch Square · 2025
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicAdvanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
Canadian institutionsSafran Electronics (Canada)
FundersHORIZON EUROPE Framework ProgrammeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftScience Foundation IrelandEuropean CommissionNational Science Foundation
KeywordsIce crystalsSootEnvironmental scienceCirrusAerosolMeteorologyAtmospheric sciencesParticle numberCloud condensation nucleiRadiative forcingCombustionChemistryGeographyPhysics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.

No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.210
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.003
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.061
GPT teacher head0.361
Teacher spread0.300 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it