Electrolyte abnormalities and clinical outcomes in children aged one month to 13 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in two large referral hospitals in Botswana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common childhood disease, with a median of 2.5 diarrhoea episodes per child per year in both low- and middle-income countries. Morbidity and mortality from AGE result from a number of causes, including electrolyte abnormalities. This study characterized children hospitalized for AGE in Botswana with and without electrolyte abnormalities. This was a prospective observational study of children under the age of 13 years who were admitted with AGE in Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) and Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital (NRH) between May 2011 and April 2013. All children with serum electrolyte values obtained within 48 hours of admission were included. Patient characteristics and prevalence of electrolyte abnormalities were described. Risk factors for mortality were explored using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Among 544 patients, 37% had electrolyte abnormalities, namely hyponatraemia (9%), hypernatraemia (12%) and hypokalaemia (16%). Patients with hypernatraemia were younger (median age 6 months) compared to those with normal electrolytes (median age 9 months, p < 0.001). Patients with hypokalaemia presented after a longer duration of diarrhoea (median 4 days) compared to those with normal electrolytes (median 2 days, p < 0.001). Length of stay was longer in hypokalaemic (5 days) and hyponatraemic (5 days) patients compared to patients with hypernatraemia (3 days) and those without electrolyte abnormalities (3 days, p < 0.002). Those with malnutrition were significantly more likely to have electrolyte imbalances, with 19% having hypokalaemia. In multivariate analysis, the strongest predictors of mortality were malnutrition (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.44-12.9); hypokalaemia (OR 5.5; 95% CI 1.84-16.6) and hypernatraemia (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.11-13.5). Given the global impact of paediatric AGE, it is important that clinicians take additional care and precautions when admitting children with AGE and hypokalaemia, hypernatraemia, or malnutrition, as these increase the length of stay and odds of mortality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".