Reliable sensory processing of superficial cortical interneurons is modulated by behavioral state
Bibliographic record
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons in cortical layer 1 (L1) integrate sensory and top-down inputs to modulate network activity and support learning-related plasticity. However, little is known about how sensory inputs drive L1 interneuron activity. We used two-photon calcium imaging to measure sound-evoked responses in two L1 interneuron populations expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF) in mouse auditory cortex. We found that L1 interneurons respond to both simple and complex sounds, but their responses are highly variable across trials. Despite this variability, these interneurons respond reliably to a narrow range of stimuli, reflecting selectivity for specific spectrotemporal sound features. Response reliability was modulated by behavioral state and predicted by the activity of neighboring interneurons. These findings reveal that L1 interneurons exhibit sensory tuning and identify the modulation of response reliability as a potential mechanism by which L1 relays state-dependent cues to shape sensory representations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".