Structure, stability, and mean-level change in adolescent HEXACO personality traits using the HEXACO-SPI
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We used a new English version of the HEXACO-Simplified Personality Inventory (HEXACO-SPI) to examine (1) its dimensional structure and (2) the developmental stability and mean-level changes in its personality traits among adolescents. Our results showed that the HEXACO-SPI factor scales were consistent with the a priori hypothesized six-factor structure of HEXACO personality and that the HEXACO-SPI domain scales demonstrated sufficiently high levels of internal reliability, differentiation, and invariance across time. Stability was shown for all domain scales, but especially when considering 1-year estimates (versus 3 or 4-year estimates). Mean-level decreases were observed in Honesty-Humility, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, with stability in Emotionality and Openness to Experience. Our findings inform research on HEXACO personality in adolescence, including stability and change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".