Invited review: Interactions between prolactin and local regulation of the mammary gland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biological mechanisms exist to adjust milk output to demand. Experiments where different milking frequencies were used within the mammary gland have shown that milk production is only increased in the frequently milked half during a unilateral increase in milk frequency. Similarly, cessation of milking or mastitis of one quarter will induce the involution process in that quarter only. These data strongly suggest that milk production is regulated at the level of the mammary gland. However, other factors, such as pregnancy, bST administration, and photoperiod, also indicate the presence of a systemic regulation of milk secretion. Moreover, the linkages between local and systemic regulations are poorly understood. We have identified 3 potential links between local and systemic regulation: milking and suckling inducing the release of hormones; modulation of the receptivity of the mammary gland to the systemic lactogenic signal; and secretion in milk of inhibitory substances that modulate response to systemic regulation. Therefore, a series of experiments was initiated to examine these potential linkages between local and systemic regulations. A first experiment provided no evidence that additional milking-induced hormone release episodes contribute to the stimulating effect of increasing milking frequency during an established lactation. Conversely, we found evidence that both milking frequency and incomplete milking modulate mammary gland responsiveness to prolactin, and this is likely to contribute to their milk production response. We also found that the circulating level of prolactin affects the subsequent responsiveness to this hormone and that it is likely involved in the reduction of milk production after a short dry period. Finally, using an animal model that is unaffected by an inflammatory response, we found indications supporting the contention that milk stasis leads to the accumulation of one or more factors that trigger involution. Additionally, we determined that the milk levels of several microRNAs are affected by milk stasis and deserve further research to understand their roles in the control of mammary gland functions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".