Group singing and its effect on cortisol, alpha amylase, oxytocin, and pain threshold in patients with Parkinson's disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor deficits, including rigidity and tremors. Pain is also a common problem for people with PD that may arise from their dopamine deficit. Some patients with PD experience temporary relief from pain through group singing, which has also been shown to mitigate vocal challenges related to PD. However, no work has been conducted to elucidate the neurochemical mechanisms of action on the pain threshold. Here, we examined whether the effects of group singing on cortisol, alpha amylase, and oxytocin levels are associated with changes in pain thresholds in patients with PD. Methods Participants with PD (n = 14) participated in a 12-week singing program involving weekly 45-min group singing sessions in the early afternoon. Data collection, involving saliva samples and pain thresholds, was performed pre- and post-session in the 2nd (Session 1), 7th (Session 2), and 12th (Session 3) weeks of the program. Saliva samples were collected before and after each session by using the passive drool method. The pain threshold was assessed before and after each session by applying pressure to the finger using a dolorimeter. Saliva samples were used to assess salivary cortisol (sCORT), alpha amylase (sAA), and oxytocin (sOXT). Pain threshold, sCORT, sAA, and sOXT change scores were calculated for each session by subtracting the pre-session value from the post-session value. Results Three mixed linear model analyses were performed to assess whether sCORT, sAA, and sOXT were associated with increased pain threshold. We found that group singing led to a significant reduction in sCORT and sAA. We also found that reductions in sCORT were significantly related to an increase in the pain threshold (p < 0.05). However, we did not observe any relationship between pain threshold increases and sAA or between pain threshold and sOXT. Conclusion Group singing significantly increases the pain threshold in patients with PD, and this increase may be mediated through a reduction in cortisol levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".