Predatory Inclusion and Educational Migration: Residency Status, Debt, and Post-graduation Employment among International Students in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This article considers how terms of access to international education and pathways to permanent residency can interact with post-graduation employment in a labour market segmented by gender and race. Applying statistical modelling to the National Graduates Survey (2018), it finds that residency status, or whether international students are work permit holders or permanent residents in the years following graduation, has a clear relationship to employment outcomes; work permit holders appear to face higher odds of insecurity in employment compared to their permanent resident peers. Analysis of occupational skill level in relation to certification level also shows that whether a recent graduate is overqualified for their current job is similarly linked to residency status as well as educational debt. Together, these findings suggest international students’ conditions of inclusion—that is, relatively high international tuition fees, potentially fostering transnational debt relations, and employment experience criteria for transitions to permanency—are poised to reproduce socioeconomic inequalities related to gender, class, race, and country of origin among migrant workers. Résumé: Cet article examine comment les conditions d’accès à l’éducation internationale et les voies d’accès à la résidence permanente peuvent interagir avec l’emploi après l’obtention du diplôme dans un marché du travail fragmenté par le sexe et par la race. En appliquant la modélisation statistique au sondage national auprès des diplômés (2018), on constate que le statut de résidence, ou le fait que les étudiants internationaux soient titulaires d’un permis de travail ou résidents permanents dans les années suivant l’obtention de leur diplôme, a un clair rapport avec les résultats en matière d’emploi ; les titulaires de permis de travail semblent faire face à des chances plus élevées d’insécurité dans l’emploi par rapport à leurs pairs résidents permanents. L’analyse du niveau de compétences professionnelles par rapport au niveau de certification montre également que le fait qu’un diplômé récent soit surqualifié pour son emploi effectif est également lié au statut de résident ainsi qu’à la dette d’études. Ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que les conditions d’inclusion des étudiants internationaux - c’est-à-dire les frais de scolarité internationaux relativement élevés, qui peu-vent favoriser les relations d’endettement transnational, et les critères d’expérience professionnelle pour les transitions vers la permanence - sont susceptibles de reproduire les inégalités socioéconomiques liées au sexe, à la classe, à la race et au pays d’origine parmi les travailleurs migrants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".