Climate change and underwater light: Large‐scale changes in ultraviolet radiation transparency associated with intensifying wet–dry cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is the most energetic waveband of incident solar radiation and has wide‐ranging effects in the aquatic environment. Our analysis of an 18‐year record of underwater irradiance and related limnological variables in sub‐alpine, ultra‐oligotrophic Lake Tahoe revealed orders of magnitude changes in UV transparency associated with interannual climate perturbations. The large‐scale shifts between years were caused by pronounced changes in the loading of allochthonous particulate matter and colored dissolved organic matter associated with regional dry–wet cycles, while autochthonous factors explained the seasonal variations in UV under average weather conditions. Water clarity in the photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) waveband showed less variation, resulting in large interannual differences in the UV : PAR ratio. Clearwater lakes are likely to experience increasingly large fluctuations in underwater UV and spectral irradiance due to ongoing climate change and precipitation extremes, with potential impacts on their ecosystem structure and function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".