Climate change and underwater light: Large‐scale changes in ultraviolet radiation transparency associated with intensifying wet–dry cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is the most energetic waveband of incident solar radiation and has wide‐ranging effects in the aquatic environment. Our analysis of an 18‐year record of underwater irradiance and related limnological variables in sub‐alpine, ultra‐oligotrophic Lake Tahoe revealed orders of magnitude changes in UV transparency associated with interannual climate perturbations. The large‐scale shifts between years were caused by pronounced changes in the loading of allochthonous particulate matter and colored dissolved organic matter associated with regional dry–wet cycles, while autochthonous factors explained the seasonal variations in UV under average weather conditions. Water clarity in the photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) waveband showed less variation, resulting in large interannual differences in the UV : PAR ratio. Clearwater lakes are likely to experience increasingly large fluctuations in underwater UV and spectral irradiance due to ongoing climate change and precipitation extremes, with potential impacts on their ecosystem structure and function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".